柴油轿车颗粒多环芳烃的排放特性

以一辆柴油轿车为研究样车,分别使用纯柴油、生物柴油掺混比例为10%的B10燃油,进行了NEDC整车循环工况试验,测取了该车HC、CO、NOx、颗粒等法规限制的排放,利用气相色谱-质谱法对采集的排气颗粒样品进行了分析,重点研究了颗粒中多环芳烃的排放特性.结果表明,与柴油相比,燃用B10燃油的HC、CO、NOx和颗粒等常规排放均有所降低;两种燃料产生的颗粒多环芳烃排放中均以荧蒽和芘最多,与纯柴油相比,燃用B10燃油产生的低环数PAHs排放略有增加,中高环数的PAHs排放降幅明显.苯并[a]芘等效毒性分析结果显示燃用B10燃油的BEQs值比纯柴油降低了21.6%,表明柴油轿车燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的多环芳烃毒性有所下降.     

再生水在洗车利用中的暴露剂量研究

再生水暴露剂量确定是再生水洗车利用健康风险评价的前提和制定再生水水质标准的重要依据.本文研究了手工洗车和龙门式洗车机洗车过程中再生水对典型人群的暴露剂量特征.通过现场调研,确定了洗车现场的典型暴露人群及其暴露时间分布,其中手工洗车工人的清洗耗时和擦车耗时分别平均为4.8 min和8.4 min,龙门式洗车机工人的冲洗浮土耗时、洗车机清洗耗时和擦车耗时分别平均为1.5 min、2.5 min和8.0 min.利用重量法确定了洗车现场空气中的再生水水雾浓度分布(即空气含水量增加值),结果表明手工洗车的水雾浓度为2.0 mg·L-1,洗车机过程中冲洗浮土现场和龙门式洗车机清洗现场的浓度分别为1.3 mg·L-1和3.2 mg·L-1.根据典型暴露人群的呼吸速率,得出再生水的暴露剂量.结果表明,在各种典型人群中,手工洗车清洗工的再生水日暴露剂量最大,高达15.5 mL·d-1.     

斜井运输中矿车压人事故FTA分析

以斜井施工为例，运用FTA分析法，对斜井运输中矿车倾翻，压人致死事故进行分析，找出了导致事故发生的主要原因，并提出了相应的安全防范措施。     

京沈客运专线框架式声屏障降噪效果研究

高速铁路经过城市建成区两侧分布有高层住宅建筑,普通直立式、折角式声屏障对于较高楼层难以有效阻隔噪声,框架式声屏障具有更好的降噪效果,对其降噪效果的研究越来越成为工程设计中噪声治理选取的重要依据。在阐述框架式结构声屏障插入损失确定方法的基础上,分别采用边界元法、统计能量法预测框架式声屏障的降噪效果,通过实际案例加以类比验证,得出京沈客运专线框架式声屏障降噪效果。     

电梯困人应急救援理论的初步建立

针对备受社会关注的电梯困人应急救援的快速实现,在电梯应急救援体系建设下,研究电梯困人救援的快速实现的影响因素、改进措施及标准化电梯困人应急救援体系的建立,提出了一种建立标准化电梯困人应急救援体系的理论,该理论在提升电梯应急救援效率,缩短电梯困人救援时间上给出了指导性理论,通过以某医院为实施对象进行了试验数据采集、统计与分析及过程持续改进,同时验证了这一理论在电梯轿厢困人救援工作中的有效性和可靠性,为分析电梯救援人员组织、影响要素、对策拟定及救援标准程序建立提供了理论支撑和试验数据,为重点单位实施电梯困人救援工作的标准化程序建立提供了一种方法,也为全面降低电梯困人救援时间的实施提供新的思路和可能性,该理论及方法具有重大的现实指导意义。     

加强铁路集中空调通风系统管理的探讨

为避免集中空调通风系统传播、扩散空气传播性疾病的安全隐患,在概述集中空调通风系统在某铁路局集团公司客运站应用的基础上,从首选自然通风、确保供风安全、加强通风系统清洗消毒等方面说明加强铁路客运站通风系统管理的措施,提出明确责任分工、健全卫生管理制度、开展卫生学评价、做好监督检查和应急处理等保障措施,从而有效阻断传播途径,保障广大旅客和铁路工作人员身体健康。     

Sustainability measurement of product-service systems: Brazilian case studies about electric car-sharing

Modifying the traditional production system and the culture of consumption is necessary to achieve a sustainable society. The product-service system (PSS) business model allows companies to progressively add services to physical products, thus promoting more pro-sustainable business outcomes. The purpose of this work is to verify how a PSS model can contribute to sustainability by analyzing two electric car-sharing projects using a set of five factors. As a methodological strategy, a Systematic Literature Review and a case study of the two projects (VAMO and EMOTIVE) were performed. Findings show benefits generated by both projects as to environmental aspects, mainly related to gases emission. It was also possible to observe social benefits due to income development and environmental awareness. This paper thus contributes to the discussion of the potential of the PSS models and how they can leverage business models toward a more sustainable society. Although the results are applicable only in this case, this article can motivate new projects and contribute to enriching the debate about sustainable solutions, as the literature in this field still provides few case studies showing these types of applications.     

The time-varying factors influencing the recycling rate of products

In Europe targets have been laid down by EU legislation for the recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles to be achieved within the nearby future. It is illustrated in this paper that the definition of the recycling rate and the realisation of the imposed targets are very much dependent on different parameters such as the changing lifetime of the product and product design. It may seem obvious that the recycling rate is determined by various time-varying factors, however, this paper endeavours to describe and quantify the role of these factors on the recycling rate over time by the use of a dynamic systems model. This model permits the prediction of the recycling rate as a function of the numerous presented parameters, changing design scenarios etc. In addition, different definitions of the recycling rate will be presented and discussed. This will lead to a better understanding of the parameters affecting the recycling system and a more precise understanding of the recycling targets and their realisation as imposed by EU legislation. This paper focuses on cars, but the discussion and the definitions derived are equally valid for any end-of-life product.     

混凝法预处理洗车废水的试验研究

对混凝法预处理洗车废水进行了试验研究.通过烧杯试验对所选4种混凝剂处理洗车废水效果进行比较,确定了最优混凝剂及其投加量.试验结果确定聚合氯化铝铁为最优混凝荆,其最佳投加量为20mg/L.     

洗车废水的污染与环境管理研究

本文分析了洗车所造成的水资源的浪费、对环境的污染以及对道赂交通、居民、行人的影响，介绍了我国对洗车废水管理的现状，并从法制建设、执法监督、废水处理，先进洗车技术推广、宣传教育等方面提出了针对我国洗车废水污染的环境管理对策建议。